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Internet of Things authentication
Product range:
Applicable Products
IoT Certification Scope:
1. Zigbee is proprietary, short-range, low-cost, and secure
2. Z-Wave short distance, low cost, high reliability
3. LoRa is proprietary, remote, cheap and secure
4. LTE-M cellular technology
5. NB-IoT cellular technology
6.White-Fi and HaLow are low-cost, extended in range, but low in security
7. ZETA has wide coverage, low cost and low power consumption
8. UWB has high transmission rate, large space capacity, low cost and low power consumption
Inspection Introduction
Zigbee is proprietary, short-range, low-cost, and secure
Similar to Bluetooth, Zigbee is a low-power, low-data-rate, near-range self-organizing wireless network that supports mesh network topologies, uses the IEEE802.15WPAN specification, provides data rates of 250kbps, 40kbps, and 20kbps, and can only operate in the range of 10 to 100 meters. Zigbee mesh networks can contain up to 65000,1998 devices, which is twice as much as Bluetooth LE can support. Zigbee was conceived in 2003, standardized in 2006, and revised in <>. Zigbee, whose name comes from the Bee's Swing Dance, is trademarked by the Zigbee Alliance, which maintains and publishes the Zigbee standard, according to its website, hundreds of millions of devices using Zigbee technology. Zigbee is very popular with IoT device manufacturers, it provides most of the basic features that users need (connectivity, range, security), and as an open industry standard, it allows interoperability with any Zigbee-certified device. OEMs complain about the cost of joining the consortium, certification, and lack of an open GPL license, because OEMs must be members of the consortium to use their technology. Zigbee is mainly used in home automation applications such as smart lighting, smart thermostats, and home energy monitoring. It is also commonly used in industrial automation, smart instrumentation, and security systems.
Z-Wave is short-range, low-cost, and highly reliable
Similar to ZigBee, Z-Wave is a radio-based short-range wireless communication technology based on low cost, low power consumption, high reliability, and suitable for networks. Z-Wave is structured as a source-routed mesh network, where all devices are connected to a central hub, usually a router or gateway. The network itself consists of three layers that work together to ensure that all devices are able to communicate at the same time. The radio layer defines how signals are exchanged between the network and the radio hardware, while the network layer determines how to control the data exchanged between nodes and devices. In addition, the application layer assigns messages to specific applications in order to accomplish tasks such as turning on lights. The working frequency band of Z-Wave is 908.42MHz (United States) ~ 868.42MHz (Europe), using FSK (BFSK/GFSK) modulation mode, the data transmission rate is 9.6kbps, the effective coverage of the signal is 30m indoors, and more than 100m outdoors, suitable for narrow broadband applications. Z-Wave technology is designed for residential, lighting commercial control, and condition reading applications such as meter reading, lighting and appliance control, HVAC, access control, burglar prevention, and fire detection. Z-Wave converts any stand-alone device into an intelligent network device, enabling control and wireless monitoring. Z-Wave technology was originally designed to be positioned in the field of smart home wireless control. With small data format transmission, the transfer rate of 40kb/s is sufficient. Compared with other wireless technologies of the same kind, it has a relatively low transmission frequency, relatively long transmission distance and certain price advantages.
LoRa is proprietary, remote, inexpensive, and secure
Similar to Zigbee, LoRaWan is a proprietary technology defined and controlled by the nonprofit LoRa Alliance. The main difference is that Zigbee is a short-range IoT protocol designed to tightly connect multiple devices, while LoRa focuses on wide area networks. LoRa is especially suitable for long-distance communication, and its modulation mode greatly increases the communication distance compared with other communication methods, and can be widely used in long-distance low-rate IoT wireless communication fields in various occasions. For example, automatic meter reading, building automation equipment, wireless security systems, industrial monitoring and control, etc. It has the characteristics of small size, low power consumption, long transmission distance and strong anti-interference ability, and the antenna gain can be adjusted according to the actual application situation. The LoRaWAN network architecture is a typical star topology in which the LoRa gateway is a transparent relay that connects end devices and servers. The gateway and the server are connected through standard IP, while the terminal device communicates with one or more gateways using a single hop, and all nodes communicate in both directions. LoRa gateways and modules are networked in a star network, while LoRa modules can theoretically be networked in the form of point-to-point polling, but the efficiency of point-to-point polling is much lower than that of the star network. The gateway can realize multi-channel parallel reception and process multiple signals at the same time, which greatly increases the network capacity. However, with the increase of LoRa devices and network deployments, there will be certain spectral interference between them.
LTE-M cellular technology
LTE-M is a cellular technology designed to meet the needs of IoT or machine-to-machine communication applications, LTE-M is a wireless system for mobile telecom operators, supported by industry associations GSMA and 3GPP standards organizations. One of the main advantages of LTE-M is its potential for connectivity, and it is a system suitable for tracking moving objects over long periods of time. "The technology improves indoor and outdoor coverage, supporting network architectures with a large number of low-throughput devices, low latency sensitivity, ultra-low device cost, and low device power consumption," the GSMA said. "Since LTE-M works over cellular networks, it can be used to monitor, control, and receive information from IoT devices in transportation vehicles such as trucks, trains, boats, etc. When the LTE network is not available, the system can fall back to WCDMA (3G) or
GPRS/EDGE (2G) to maintain connectivity. LTE-M also provides positioning services based on cellular base station positioning without the need to use satellite-based systems such as GPS or Galileo. This feature offers significant cost savings for OEMs who need to equip their devices with a basic positioning system. However, the advantage of LTE-M is safety. Cellular-connected devices need to be fitted with a SIM chip, which can be embedded in a circuit board and provisioned, keyed, and signed at the factory. Once the SIM card is configured with embedded keys, these keys cannot be modified without physical access to the device. SIM is a security module that provides NSASuiteBAES-256 encryption and authentication. Another advantage of LTE-M is that it can maintain connectivity even during power outages. Since it is connected to a cellular network, it does not require an access point (AP) and it can remain connected as long as the IoT device battery is working properly. That's why cellular-based IoT connectivity is widely used in critical applications such as power grids, homes, office security, and fleet management. The problem with LTE-M is its high cost. To use the system, it is necessary to subscribe to carrier services, and you need to have a SIM card in each connected device.
NB-IoT cellular technology
NB-IoT is built on cellular networks and consumes only about 180kHz of bandwidth, and can be directly deployed in GSM networks, UMTS networks, or LTE networks to reduce deployment costs and achieve smooth upgrades. NB-IoT focuses on the low-power wide-coverage IoT market and is an emerging technology that can be widely used. It has the characteristics of wide coverage, multiple connections, low speed, low cost, low power consumption, and excellent architecture. NB-IoT uses the License band, which can be deployed in three ways: in-band, protection band, or independent carrier, to coexist with existing networks. NB-IoT has four characteristics: first, wide coverage, will provide improved indoor coverage, in the same frequency band, NB-IoT compared with the existing network gain of 20dB, equivalent to 100 times the ability to increase the coverage area; second, with the ability to support connections, NB-IoT can support 10,10 connections in one sector, supporting low latency sensitivity, ultra-low device cost, low equipment power consumption and optimized network architecture; third, lower power consumption. The standby time of NB-IoT terminal modules can be up to 5 years; Fourth, the lower module cost, enterprises expect a single successive module to not exceed $<>.
White-Fi and HaLow are low-cost, extended in range, but low in security
IEEE802.11af (white-Fi and IEEE802.11ah (HaLow) both use previously licensed spectrum and do not interfere with traditional Wi-Fi signals in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz bands, nor with 2G and 3G cellular networks. Some spectrum is shared with certain LTE channels used in the United States. White-Fi takes advantage of the digital dividends unleashed when broadcast television switched to digital terrestrial television and some previous UHF channels ceased to operate. In the U.S. and Europe, where there are different regulations on the use of the digital dividend spectrum, connected devices need to periodically look for available frequencies HaLow extends Wi-Fi to the 900MHz band, enabling the low-power connectivity required for applications such as sensors and wearables. Since this frequency is free to use for basic communications, HaLow is the Wi-Fi standard for IoT. The problem with HaLow is that the unlicensed spectrum within the range is not uniform: HaLow operates at 900MHz in the United States, 850MHz in Europe, and 700MHz in China. Due to the characteristics of the low frequency band, neither technology is suitable for high-speed or large-capacity data transmission. However, they can be used to provide connectivity for devices that are deployed in large numbers. HaLow can provide data rates as low as 150kbps. Sub-1GHz connectivity is also critical for a new generation of low-power devices, where battery life typically reaches years. This battery performance is for the billions of sensors and surveillance devices deployed in cities around the world. HaLow also offers power-saving features such as target wake-up time (TWT) and traffic indicator maps (TIM· enables IoT devices to communicate at selected intervals, saving battery power. In 2017, IEE introduced another Wi-Fi standard for the Internet of Things: 802.11ax (later officially renamed WiFi6). The advantage of 802.11ax over HaLow is that it uses the 2.4GHz and 5GH bands, which is more suitable for the local range of IoT. In terms of security issues, Wi-Fi lacks the protection of the Secure Element and hardware encryption provided by SIM cards on cellular networks. However, to deploy hundreds or thousands of wireless sensors over a large area, white-Fi and HaLow can provide low-cost connectivity and good performance.
ZETA has wide coverage, low cost, and low power consumption
ZETA is a protocol standard based on UNB Low Power X (LPWAN) technology, which has the characteristics of wide coverage, low service cost and low energy consumption, which meets the connection requirements of low data exchange frequency, low connection cost and complex environment in the Internet of Things environment, and can be widely used in scenarios such as Shangye, construction, agriculture, and smart city. As a next-generation LPWAN technology, ZETA launched the "LPWAN2.0 Ubiquitous Internet of Things", aiming to achieve lower cost, lower power consumption, and more intelligent networks through continuous technological evolution. ZETA is an LPWAN technology that supports "mesh ad hoc networking", which has the characteristics of no automatic networking, breakpoint healing, high robustness and more stability, and can choose the best topology and communication scheduling strategy to minimize power consumption, realize long-distance reliable transmission in bean and miscellaneous environments, and save 70% of IoT network deployment costs. ZETA self-developed ultra-narrowband communication technology (Ultra-NarrowBand), the channel bandwidth is 0.6~4kHz, supports 100bps-50kbps transmission rate, and through complex network mechanisms to ensure 100% success rate of data uplink. With super anti-interference and high reception sensitivity, the transmission channel can be found in the gap even in the environment with complex interference sources. With intelligent routing technology, it can support up to 4 hops, extending network coverage to corners where AP signals cannot reach. ZETA covers a distance of up to 15km, supports high-speed moving object data acquisition of 120km/h, and extends support to 20bps-100kbps.
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